Magnesium-Palm Kernel Shell Biochar Composite for Effective Methylene Blue Removal: Optimization via Response Surface Methodology

This study investigates the properties and potential application of Mg-PKS biochar composite for methylene blue solution (MB) adsorption. The was developed from palm kernel shell via steam activation followed by MgSO4 treatment carbonization. effect process parameters such as pH (4-10), contact time (30-90 min) adsorbent dosage (0.1-0.5 g) were investigated central design, response surface methodology. Results revealed that has irregular shapes pore structure SEM analysis, a area 674 m2g-1 average diameters 7.2195 μm based on BET analysis. RSM results showed optimum adsorption MB onto Mg-biochar at 10, 30 min 0.5 g/100 mL with removal efficiency 98.50%. In conclusion, Mg is alternative to other expensive chemical methods upgrading adsorbent.